Workshop Dr Aini - 19th June 2009

Introduction
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Literature review must be mentioned in 3 places of your thesis. Chapter 1, 2, 4.
Chapter 1 - introduction -frame the problem
Chapter 2 - separate section - typical model of quantitative research.
Chapter 4 - At the end - compare n contrast findings.

Can you comment what you read?
Yes, you must be critical but with substance.

Can we cite newspaper article or report?
Yes but in the chapter 1 in your introduction to write about the background of your study. When you cite it make sure you do not cite the author and treat it as if the author is an academic writer.

According to Creswell, the most reliable source is Handbook, Try to find the handbook of your area.

Examples of examiners' comments
_______________________

• was limited
• emphasizing the work of X when his work has been largely discredited
• emphasis upon behavior is also been eclipsed in North American scholarship by a focus upon.. ( you should make comments of awareness of the change of theories or study done)
  
• did not place the research in the historical context of the field

Issues in literature review
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• too broad & no focus
• too narrow & not comprehensive enough (coverage)
• not up to date
• no synthesis n no new perspective
• not critical (own voice missing) - when you read and cite -look at the findings n methodology

Literature review consists of 2 types of literature
i. theoretical / conceptual literature
ii. research literature (including methodology)
where to find? journals, handbook,thesis, proquest, eric etc.
* try to read literature reviews done by others - look at the writing style of writing - emulate the style if it is beautiful.

Boote & Biele's 5 standard & criteria of a lit review.

1. coverage -justify why you need to include or exclude something - make sure you cover the ground (use lit. map).
   
2. synthesis - summarize, analyze & synthesize selected lit; distinguish what has been done from what needs to be done; place topic in broader context of the field; place research in historical context of field; acquire n enhance vocab; articulate important variables n phenomena relevant to topic; synthesize n gain a new perspective on lit. (point out if you found similarities or differences in ideas or highlight new ideas - use the write word such as contrary, refined, etc)
   
3. methodology - identify main methodologies & research techniques used in the field & analyse advantage n disadvantages; relate ideas & theories; justify methodological choices- suggest/ justify new methods. (link it to chapter 4)
   
4. relevance/significance - how important is the research you are referred to? - link it to your gap n problem statement
   
5. rhetoric - language -use literature map. Articulate clear claims based on what you have discussed in your writing.

Organisation of chapter
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1. Introduction - use meta paragraphing
   

• eg. In this section....

2. Body

• divide the discussion into a number of big sections (parallel to lit map)
• structure the discussion according to chronology( by publication or by trend), thematic, methodological.

3. End with a summary

______________________________________________________
Guidelines for writing

1. Use evidence (use integral citation if you are quoting the same person(s) a few times in the same paragraph)
2. be selective
3. use quotes sparingly
4. summarize and synthesize
5. keep your own voice
6. use caution when paraphrasing
7. revise, revise, revise
   

Salmon's 5-stage moderation model

The moderation model involves

1. access and motivation,
   
2. online socialization,
   
3. information exchange,
   
4. knowledge construction and
   
5. development.

SECI Model in tables

Layer 1

Socialization	Sharing, absorbing, negotiating tacit knowledge through shared experience. E.g. discuss issues or causes to instigate diverse responses.
Externalization	Try to make sense of articulate experiment with your developing knowledge or concept which embeds the combined tacit knowledge. E.g. relate theory to practice and vice versa in varying contexts.
Combination	Synthesize, improve, organize and disseminate new / explicit knowledge. E.g. write, present, and develop hypothesis or prototype.
Internalization	Embody knowledge through reflection and action. The explicit knowledge becomes part of the individual’s knowledge base and becomes assets to an organization. E.g. make use of your knowledge and reflection.

Layer 2

Originating Ba	Feelings, emotions, experiences and mental models are shared
Dialoguing Ba	Common terms of language, concepts and meanings are negotiated.
Systemizing Ba	Knowledge is organized and shared.
Exercising Ba	Action and reflection take place.

Table 1: 5-phase Analytical Interaction Model – Gunawardena, Lowe & Anderson (1997)

Phase	Description
1 – Sharing and comparing information	In this phase, verbal transactions take the form of statements and observation
2 – Discovery and exploration	During this phase participants become aware of differences in views and interpretations. Typical utterances at this stage would be questions, clarifications and elaboration concepts.
3 – Negotiation of meaning and construction of knowledge	In this phase there is evidence of negotiation of outcomes and areas of agreement and disagreement, with proposals of mutual understanding.
4 – Testing and revision of ideas	Interactions would include statements of evidence against criteria, use of examples and investigation of alternative viewpoints.
5 – Awareness of newly constructed knowledge	The phase would entail Metacognitive statements demonstrating new knowledge construction and reflection on areas of agreement or disagreement

My conceptual framework

2nd training - 11th June 2009

The second training was held at the same place. It started at 10am. Hafizah Saman turned up first followed by Haniza Rais and Siti Rauzani Mohd Hafizuddin.

Although there were only 3 participants, I was really grateful since this time around they are able to participate in the online forum. I forgot one thing though, to give them the printed user guide.

Training - 29th May 2009

The training was supposed to start at 3.00pm. Syed was punctual, he came at 2.50pm. Then followed by Suhaila, Zulmazlina, Sara, Khaireen, Datin Noorul Huda and Fatinah.

The objectives of the training were for the participants to create account to my website www.nurulhana.com, update their profile, upload their picture, participate in online forum, write reflection in blogs available in moodle and chat online. I wish they could participate in at least one forum, but there wasn't enough time. I was only able to train them on how to start a discussion and reply to a discussion thread. No time to write reflection in blogs either.

Nevertheless, I was really grateful that 7 teachers turned up. Alhamdulillah.